Identifying and Mapping the Key Challenges of Water in Sudan to Accelerate the Achievement of SDG6
Abstract
Sudan faces a complex nexus of water-related challenges that severely impede progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) targets. Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, remains a major challenge in Sudan due to persistent water scarcity, uneven distribution of resources, infrastructure degradation, climate variability, and socio-political instability. This study aimed to identify, classify, and spatially map the most serious water-related challenges across Sudan to support evidence-based decision-making and accelerate progress toward SDG 6. Despite possessing substantial potential water resources, Sudan's progress toward achieving SDG 6 by 2030 is severely hindered by a lack of integrated data on national water challenges and a failure to prioritize targeted, sustainable interventions. Data were collected from 300 stakeholders across 10 states in Sudan, supported by GPS-based mapping of water challenge locations and community validation. Data collection combined precipitation and LULC, water scarcity, stakeholder field surveys, and targeted point-source water salinity. These multi-tiered datasets were spatially integrated using ArcGIS overlay analysis and correlation tests to assess relationships among physical, institutional, and key water challenges.. The findings indicate that North Kordofan, Red Sea, White Nile, Kassala, and Gadarif experienced the highest levels of water scarcity. Additionally, elevated water salinity is most prevalent in the Red Sea, White Nile, Gedarif, and Gezira states. Positive correlations were observed between salinity and water scarcity (r = 0.319, p < .001), perceived intensive extraction of groundwater and water scarcity (r = 0.198, p < 0.001), and between perceived intensive extraction of groundwater and salinity (r = 0.161, p < .005). These results suggest that higher salinity and groundwater over extraction are linked to increased water scarcity. The findings provide spatially explicit evidence to guide policymakers in prioritizing sustainable water management interventions towards achieving SDG 6 and related SDGs.
References
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[46] Cha, S., Jin, Y., Elhag, M. S., Kim, Y., & Ismail, H. A. H. A. (2021). Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258418.
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[49] Sharif, R. A., & Daoud, S. A. M. (2022). Contribution of female farmer to the household food security: Kazgail, Shiekan locality in North Kordofan State Sudan. Ahfad Journal, 39(1).
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[52] Khalifa, A. E. S. O., Adam, H. E., & Musa, F. I. (2025). Impact of Climate Variation on Land Use Land Cover Change in Kassala State, Sudan. The Scientific World Journal, 2025(1), 9005930.
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[2] Abdo, Gamal, Salih, Abdin. J Global Advanced Research Journal of Physical, & Vol, Applied Sciences. (2012). Challenges facing groundwater management in Sudan. 001-011.
[3] Abdo, Gamal. (2022). SADA Report for the Gedarif-Adigrat Aquifer System.
[4] Adam, A. Y., & Osman, M. B. (2024). Towards Integrated and Sustainable Water Management in Water-Scarce Arid Environments: Case of Sudan. In Hydrology-Current Research and Future Directions. IntechOpen.
[5] Aderinto, Nicholas, & Olatunji, Deji %J IJS Global Health. (2023). The consequences of Sudan’s armed conflict on public health: a closer look at the devastating impact. 6(4), e0179.
[6] Ahmed, Muna. (2024). Community Adaptation to Impacts of Big Dams and Water Harvesting at the Red Sea State (Arbaat and Sinkat Areas).
[7] Allen, Cameron, & Malekpour, Shirin %J Sustainability Science. (2023). Unlocking and accelerating transformations to the SDGs: a review of existing knowledge. 18(4), 1939-1960.
[8] Almahi, Mojahid, Lü, Haishen, & Zhu, Yonghua %J Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. (2025). Evaluating the effects of managed aquifer recharge using the MODFLOW model: A case study of the Gash aquifer, Kassala, Sudan. 61, 102617.
[9] Aman, Hamidullah, Doost, Ziaul Haq, Hejran, Abdul Wali, Mehr, Ali Danandeh, Szczepanek, Robert, Gilja, Gordon %J Knowledge-based Engineering, & Sciences. (2024). Survey on the challenges for achieving SDG 6: clean water and sanitation: a global insight. 5(3), 21-42.
[10] Bashier Abdelgalil, E., & Abdelrahman, F. M. (2025). Sustainable water solutions identification and prioritization: a case of correlating water solutions to sustainability in Kassala, Sudan. Environmental Research Communications, 7(12), 121011.
[11] Borgomeo, Edoardo, Chase, Claire, Godoy, Nicolas Salazar, & Kwadwo, Victor Osei. (2023). Rising from the depths: Water security and fragility in South Sudan: World Bank Publications.
[12] Cooper, Richard J, & Hiscock, Kevin M %J Cambridge Prisms: Water. (2025). Groundwater resources: Challenges & solutions. 3, e1.
[13] Deafalla, Taisser HH, Csaplovics, Elmar, & El Abbas, Mustafa M %J International Journal of Performability Engineering. (2014). Analysis of Environmental Change Dynamics in Arid and Semi-Arid Climatic Zones. 10(4), 401.
[14] El Sidieg M. A. Hassan 1 , Eltigani E. B. Abdelgali, 2022. Tracking Water Quality from Source to Home: A showed Case of Elgorashi Locality, Gezira State, Sudan. Gezira J. of Engineering and Applied Sciences Vol. 15 No. 2 (2020)
[15] Elsheikh, AEM, Elsayed, ZKA %J Nile Water Science, & Journal, Engineering. (2015). Sea water/fresh water interaction in the Red Sea coast around Port-Sudan town-Red Sea State-Eastern Sudan. 8(1), 67-73.
[16] Elsheikh, Wadah, & Nasreldin, Mohammed %J Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research. (2022). Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Sudan. 6(2), 83-90.
[17] Evaristo, Jaivime, Jameel, Yusuf, Tortajada, Cecilia, Wang, Raymond Yu, Horne, James, Neukrug, Howard, . . . Biswas, Asit %J Sustainable Earth Reviews. (2023). Water woes: the institutional challenges in achieving SDG 6. 6(1), 13.
[18] Flörke, Martina, Bärlund, Ilona, van Vliet, Michelle TH, Bouwman, Alexander F, & Wada, Yoshihide %J Current opinion in environmental sustainability. (2019). Analysing trade-offs between SDGs related to water quality using salinity as a marker. 36, 96-104.
[19] Hagr, E. A. A., Mohammed, E. M. I., & Omer, A. (2025). Dynamics of land use land cover and tree vegetation structure in Acacia nilotica riverine forests in Sudan. Vegetos. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-025-01282-2.
[20] Hinderson, Tobias. J Lunds universitets Naturgeografiska institution-Seminarieuppsatser. (2004). Analysing environmental change in semi-arid areas in Kordofan, Sudan.
[21] Hussein, MT, & Adam, EG %J Hydrological sciences journal. (1995). Water quality of the Gedarif basin, Sudan. 40(2), 205-216.
[22] Idris, A., Kijora, C., El-Hag, F. M., Salih, A. M., & Elmola, S. A. F. (2014). Climate change adaptation strategies for sheep production in range land of Kordofan Region. World Essays J, 1(1), 20-25.Herrera, Veronica %J World Development. (2019). Reconciling global aspirations and local realities: Challenges facing the Sustainable Development Goals for water and sanitation. 118, 106-117.
[23] Jury, William A, & Vaux Jr, Henry %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. (2005). The role of science in solving the world's emerging water problems. 102(44), 15715-15720.
[24] Khorrami, M, & Malekmohammadi, B %J Science of the Total Environment. (2021). Effects of excessive water extraction on groundwater ecosystem services: Vulnerability assessments using biophysical approaches. 799, 149304.
[25] Leal Filho, W., Dinis, M. A. P., & Ben Hassen, T. (2025). Trade‐Offs Among SDGs: How the Pursuit of Economic, Food, and Urban Development Goals May Undermine Climate and Equity Targets?. Sustainable Development.
[26] Miao, Junxia, Song, Xiaoyu, Zhong, Fanglei, & Huang, Chunlin. J Remote Sensing. (2023). Sustainable development goal 6 assessment and attribution analysis of underdeveloped small regions using integrated multisource data. 15(15), 3885.
[27] Mohammed, Montasir Ahmed Ibinoof. (2017). The geology of the western nuba mountains region, south kordofan state, Sudan, with special emphasis on the low-grade neoproterozoic meta-volcano-sedimentary sequence: University of Pretoria (South Africa).
[28] Mohammed, Musaab AA, Szabó, Norbert P, Szűcs, Péter %J Modeling Earth Systems, & Environment. (2023). Assessment of the Nubian aquifer characteristics by combining geoelectrical and pumping test methods in the Omdurman area, Sudan. 9(4), 4363-4381.
[29] Monaco, Salvatore. (2024). SDG 6. Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All. In Identity, Territories, and Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 63-70): Emerald Publishing Limited.
[30] Musa, HA, Shears, P, Kafi, S, & Elsabag, SK %J Journal of Applied Microbiology. (1999). Water quality and public health in northern Sudan: a study of rural and peri‐urban communities. 87(5), 676-682.
[31] Nkiaka, Elias, Bryant, Robert G, Okumah, Murat, & Gomo, Fortune Faith %J Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. (2021). Water security in sub‐Saharan Africa: Understanding the status of sustainable development goal 6. 8(6), e1552.
[32] Oliveira, Celso Maran de %J Revista Ambiente, & Água. (2017). Sustainable access to safe drinking water: fundamental human right in the international and national scene. 12(6), 985-1000.
[33] Omer, Abdeen %J Environmental Geology. (2002). Focus on groundwater in Sudan. 41(8), 972-976.
[34] Pophare, Anil M, Lamsoge, Bhushan R, Katpatal, Yashwant B, & Nawale, Vijay P %J Journal of earth system science. (2014). Impact of over-exploitation on groundwater quality: A case study from WR-2 Watershed, India. 123(7), 1541-1566.
[35] Sabbil, Adam Ahmed Soliman, Abdulrahman, Badreldin Mohamed Ahmed %J Journal of Economics, & Sciences, Administrative. (2022). Effects of Water Scarcity on Rural Household Economy. 28(131), 109-118.
[36] Said, Rushdi. (2013). The River Nile: geology, hydrology and utilization: Elsevier.
[37] Salama, Mhd .J Frontiers in Remote Sensing. (2025). Achieving SDG 6: Remote Sensing Applications in Sustainable Water Management. In (Vol. 6, pp. 1659681): Frontiers.
[38] Salameh, Elias .J Water International. (2008). Over-exploitation of groundwater resources and their environmental and socio-economic implications: the case of Jordan. 33(1), 55-68.
[39] Salih, Abdelrahim AM, Hamid, Amna Ahmed .J The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing, & Science, Space. (2017). Hydrological studies in the White Nile state in Sudan. 20, S31-S38.
[40] Scanlon, John, Cassar, Angela, & Nemes, Noémi. (2004). Water as a human right? : Iucn.
[41] Setty, Karen, Jiménez, Alejandro, Willetts, Juliet, Leifels, Mats, & Bartram, Jamie %J Development Policy Review. (2020). Global water, sanitation and hygiene research priorities and learning challenges under Sustainable Development Goal 6. 38(1), 64-84.
[42] Simonin, Vincent, Vaghefi, Saeid Ashraf, Abdelgadir, Zeinab M, Eltayeb, Dalya, Sidahmed, Mohammed Ahmed M, Monet, Jean-Pierre,. Health, Public. (2023). Present and Future drinking water security and its impacts on maternities: a multi-scale assessment of Sudan. 20(3), 2204.
[43] Werner, Micha, Casale, Gaetano, Popescu, Ioana, & Kemerink, Jeltsje. (2025). Capacity Development to support transformation and contribute to achieving SDG6. Paper presented at the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts.
[44] Yasin, Sahil. (2024). The Contribution Of Indigenous Water Treatment Techniques In Rural Development In Sudan. Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Appropriate Technology.
[45] Duku, J. A. C., & Malek, N. M. (2024). Assessing Sustainable Development Goal 6 Progress and Challenges in South Sudan: A Global Perspective. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 9(11), e003127-e003127.
[46] Cha, S., Jin, Y., Elhag, M. S., Kim, Y., & Ismail, H. A. H. A. (2021). Unequal geographic distribution of water and sanitation at the household and school level in Sudan. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258418.
[47] Siddig, A. A., Eldeen, N. N., Yagoub, Y. E., & Ibrahim, K. (2024). Sudan’s Drought Management Plan. available online https://dress-ea.hrc-sudan.sd/wp content/uploads/2025/05/DRESSEA-Drought-Managment-Plan_Final_23032025.pdf
[48] Rashid, R., Zhou, J., Kiptum, G. K., & Shah, A. A. (2025). Assessing the risk of environmental decline for farmers: key factors and regional trends in North Kordofan State, Sudan. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 23(1), 2569156.
[49] Sharif, R. A., & Daoud, S. A. M. (2022). Contribution of female farmer to the household food security: Kazgail, Shiekan locality in North Kordofan State Sudan. Ahfad Journal, 39(1).
[50] Ahmed, S. M., Dinnar, H. A., Ahmed, A. E., Elbushra, A. A., & Turk, K. G. B. (2024). A deeper understanding of climate variability improves mitigation efforts, climate services, food security, and development initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate, 12(12), 206.
[51] Mohamoud, M. A., Abdalla, A. S., Elhag, M. M., & Yousif, L. A. (2019). Estimation of Water Requirement and Water Productivity of Sesame Crop (Sesamum indicum L.) in Dryland Areas of Sennar State, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research, 11(1).
[52] Khalifa, A. E. S. O., Adam, H. E., & Musa, F. I. (2025). Impact of Climate Variation on Land Use Land Cover Change in Kassala State, Sudan. The Scientific World Journal, 2025(1), 9005930.
[53] Elsawy, M. B., & Lakhouit, A. (2020). A review on the impact of salinity on foundation soil of coastal infrastructures and its implications to north of Red Sea coastal constructions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(13), 555.
[54] Abdelwahab, M. H., Mustafa, M. A., & Ganawa, E. S. (2009). Spatial variation of wind erodibility of soils from the Northern State, Sudan. Sudan Journal of Desertification Research, 1(1), 56-70.
[55] Taha, E. Y. E. (2023). Agricultural Drought Risk Assessment of Rainfed Agriculture in the Sudan Using Remote Sensing and GIS: The Case of El Gedaref State.
[56] Williams, M. A., Adamson, D. A., & Abdulla, H. H. (2021). Landforms and soils of the Gezira: a Quaternary legacy of the Blue and White Nile rivers. In A Land Between Two Niles (pp. 111-142). Routledge.
[57] Salih, A. A., & Hamid, A. A. (2017). Hydrological studies in the White Nile state in Sudan. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 20, S31-S38.
[58] Elmobarak, A. A., & Mahgoub, A. (2014). Potentiality of a desert plain soil to irrigation in River Nile State-Sudan. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9, 1887-1894.
Published
2026-06-22
How to Cite
ABDELGALIL, Eltigani Bashier; HAGR, Elharith A A.
Identifying and Mapping the Key Challenges of Water in Sudan to Accelerate the Achievement of SDG6.
Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 1, p. 1-14, june 2026.
ISSN 1858-5698. Available at: <http://journals.uofg.edu.sd/index.php/gjeas/article/view/2586>. Date accessed: 30 june 2026.
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