Sustainable Coloration of Cotton Fabrics Using Extracted Dye from Onion (Allium cepa) Peel
Abstract
The textile industry heavily relies on synthetic dyes, making it a major source of environmental pollution. In response, this study explored the potential of onion (Allium cepa) peel extract, an agricultural waste product, as a natural dye for cotton fabrics. The objectives were to optimize dye extraction, examine how different mordants (alum, copper sulfate, and citric acid) affect color characteristics, and assess color fastness. Cotton fabrics were pre-mordanted using alum (10% owf), copper sulfate (5% owf), or citric acid (8% owf) at 70°C for 45 minutes (material-to-liquor ratio 1:20), then dyed using an aqueous extract of dried onion peels prepared at 90°C for 60 minutes (1:10 ratio), followed by dyeing at 80°C for 60 minutes with 5 g/L NaCl as electrolyte. Depending on the mordant, the dyed samples displayed hues ranging from orange-yellow to brown. Quantitative color strength (K/S) analysis revealed that copper sulfate produced the highest K/S value (2.0989), followed by alum (1.4787) and citric acid (0.9252), all significantly exceeding the unmordanted control (0.5727). A one-way ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences among treatments (F (3,8) =47.23, p<0.001). The colorfastness to washing, light, and rubbing was highest for copper sulfate-mordanted fabrics (rating 5 for all tests), while alum yielded ratings of 4–5. Consequently, copper sulfate produced the deepest shades and best fastness, whereas alum gave brighter orange-yellow tones. Overall, onion peel extract is a viable, eco-friendly dye for cotton, offering good to excellent fastness and promoting the valorization of agricultural waste
References
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[13]. Fonseca, F. D., Neves, S. F., Gomes, T., Symochko, L., and Pinheiro, M. N. C. "From Waste to Value: Valorization of Purple Onion Peel as a Textile Bio-Dye," in Proc.International conference WASTES-Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities, 2025, pp.103-113.
[14]. González-de-Peredo, A. V., Maroto, A., and Memboeuf, A. "Efficient Extraction of Anthocyanins from Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents", Food Analytical Methods, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 152, 2026.
[15]. Grande, R., Räisänen, R., Dou, J., Rajala, S., Malinen, K., Nousiainen, P. A., and Österberg, M. "In Situ Adsorption of Red Onion (Allium cepa) Natural Dye on Cellulose Model Films and Fabrics Exploiting Chitosan as a Natural Mordant", ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 5451-5463, 2023.
[16]. Islam, M. R., Khan, A. N. N., Mahmud, R. U., Haque, S. M. N., and Khan, M. M. I. "Sustainable dyeing of jute-cotton union fabrics with onion skin (allium CEPA) dye using banana peel (Musa) and guava leaves (Psidium guajava) extract as biomordants", Pigment & Resin Technology, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 369-375, 2024.
[17]. Islam, S., Belowar, S., Das, S., Rahamatolla, M., and Datta, S. C. "Chemistry of natural and synthetic dye materials with metal mordants in various fabrics for sustainable textile applications: a comprehensive review", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol., no., pp. 1-30, 2025.
[18]. Islam, S., Jalil, M. A., Belowar, S., Saeed, M. A., Hossain, S., Rahamatolla, M., and Ali, S. "Role of mordants in natural fabric dyeing and their environmental impacts", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 452-468, 2025.
[19]. Kenny, P. W. "Hydrogen-bond donors in drug design", Journal of medicinal chemistry, vol. 65, no. 21, pp. 14261-14275, 2022.
[20]. Kong, X., Feng, C., Zhao, X., Xie, H., Gu, Y., and Lan, H. "Cotton Cellulose Separator Regulated by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding for Effective Modulation of Zn2+ Transport and Deposition", ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol., no., pp., 2026.
[21]. Książek, E. "Citric acid: properties, microbial production, and applications in industries", Molecules, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 22, 2023.
[22]. Lachguer, K., El Ouali, M., Essaket, I., El Merzougui, S., Cherkaoui, O., and Serghini, M. A. "Eco-Friendly Dyeing of Wool with Natural Dye Extracted from Moroccan Crocus sativus L. Flower Waste", Fibers and Polymers, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3368-3377, 2021.
[23]. Li, X., Yang, L., Hou, K., Yu, Q., and Cai, Z. "Ecofriendly dyeing strategy based on dyeing kinetics and thermodynamic analysis for melt-spun polyurethane fibers", Langmuir, vol. 40, no. 45, pp. 24037-24044, 2024.
[24]. M. Hussein, A., M. Abdul Karim, E., M. Mamand, D., A. Rasul, S., and Aziz, S. B. "Onion peel dye as a maintainable approach to modify the linear and non-linear optical characteristics of PVA polymer", International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 200-222, 2026.
[25]. Manawasinghe, I., Hyde, K., Balasuriya, A., Suwannarach, N., Boonyuen, N., Harishchandra, D., Karunarathna, S., Khuna, S., Kumla, J., and Priyashantha, A. "The emerging role of Fungi in sustainable farming and global food security", Mycosphere, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 4936-5064, 2025.
[26]. Niu, Q. "Overview of the relationship between aluminum exposure and human health", Neurotoxicity of Aluminum, vol., no., pp. 1-32, 2023.
[27]. Otaviano, B. T. H., Sannomiya, M., de Queiroz, R. S., Sánchez, A. A. C., Freeman, H. S., Mendoza, L. E. R., Veliz, J. L. S., Leon, M. M. G., Leo, P., da Costa, S. A., and da Costa, S. M. "Natural Dye Extracted from Pomegranate Peel: Physicochemical Characterization, Dyeing of Cotton Fabric, Color Fastness, and Photoprotective Properties", Fibers and Polymers, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1321-1332, 2023.
[28]. Rahman, M. M., Koh, J., and Hong, K. H. "Sustainable chitosan biomordant dyeing and functionalization of cotton fabrics using pomegranate rind and onion peel extracts", Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 2290856, 2024.
[29]. Ramani, S., Nimbalkar, S., Pujari, P. A., and Ravi, A. S., "A Confluence of Academia, Industry, and Consumer Needs on Plant Secondary Metabolites". In Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany, Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes,Springer, 2026, pp. 1-49
[30]. Ramzan, N., Butt, H., Azeem, M., Hanif, M., Mahmood, K., Rehman, S., Shahwar, D., Zeeshan, M., Ahmad, Q.-u.-A., and Jabeen, M. "Therapeutic applications of quercetin-metallic complexes: A review", BioMetals, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1027-1048, 2025.
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[32]. Safapour, S., Shabbir, M., Rather, L. J., Mir, S. S., and Assiri, M. A. "Integrating natural dyes, organic acids, and metal mordants for multifunctional wool textiles: A green chemistry approach", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol., no., pp. 1-17, 2025.
[33]. Stavenga, D. G., Leertouwer, H. L., Dudek, B., and Van der Kooi, C. J. "Coloration of flowers by flavonoids and consequences of pH dependent absorption", Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, no., pp. 600124, 2021.
[34]. T. K, B. S., C. S, J. C., Sasi, S., and Arundhathi, C., "Modification of cellulose". In Handbook of Biomass,Springer, 2024, pp. 535-571
[35]. Thakur, S., Chandra, A., Kumar, V., and Bharti, S., "Environmental pollutants: endocrine disruptors/pesticides/reactive dyes and inorganic toxic compounds metals, radionuclides, and metalloids and their impact on the ecosystem". In Biotechnology for environmental sustainability,Springer, 2025, pp. 55-100
[36]. Tiwari, S., Boylla, P., Atescan-Yuksek, Y., Badruddin, I. J., Orisawayi, A., Venkatraman, P. D., Salonitis, K., and Rahatekar, S. S. "Natural dyes and regenerated cellulose fibers blending using ionic liquid as a common platform for sustainable textiles/fashion applications", Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, vol., no., pp. 101027, 2025.
[37]. Walencik, P. K., Choińska, R., Gołębiewska, E., and Kalinowska, M. "Metal–flavonoid interactions—from simple complexes to advanced systems", Molecules, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 2573, 2024.
[38]. Wu, Y., Shuang, W., Wang, Y., Chen, F., Tang, S., Wu, X.-L., Bai, Z., Yang, L., and Zhang, J. "Recent progress in sodium-ion batteries: advanced materials, reaction mechanisms and energy applications", Electrochemical Energy Reviews, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 17, 2024.
[39]. Xu, F., Suo, Z. P., Zhao, Z. J., and Liu, J. H. "Study on Dyeing Properties, Color Characteristics, and Color Gamut of Mulberry Anthocyanin-Dyed Silk Fabrics", Fibers and Polymers, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 2203-2222, 2024.
[40]. Xu, F., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Z. J., Ji, X. Y., Liu, J. H., and Song, X. Y. "Dyeing Performance and Color Evaluation of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Caesalpinia sappan L. and Galla chinensis Mill. Extract, and the Evaluation of Binary Sequential Dyeing Method", Fibers and Polymers, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1023-1046, 2024.
[41]. Zangade, S. B., Dhulshette, B. S., and Patil, P. B. "Flavonoid-metal ion complexes as potent anticancer metallodrugs: a comprehensive review", Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 1046-1060, 2024
Published
2026-06-22
How to Cite
ABEDALWAFA, Mohammed Awad; ELTAHIR, Hafiz Ahmed.
Sustainable Coloration of Cotton Fabrics Using Extracted Dye from Onion (Allium cepa) Peel.
Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, [S.l.], v. 19, n. 2, p. 1-7, june 2026.
ISSN 1858-5698. Available at: <http://journals.uofg.edu.sd/index.php/gjeas/article/view/2587>. Date accessed: 30 june 2026.
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